The bill was passed by a 93–29 vote, with backing from the opposition Labour Party.
More than half of the products covered would become duty-free from the day the agreement comes into force.
"For exporters, the benefits are immediate and substantial," New Zealand Trade Minister Todd McClay said in a statement.
"We expect this high-quality agreement to enter into force this year, delivering on our promise to complete a free trade agreement with India this term."
Under the accord, all Indian goods would gain duty-free access to New Zealand. Wellington has also agreed to invest $20 billion in India over the next 15 years.
The two countries first signed the agreement in April.
Two-way trade totalled NZ$3.99 billion ($2.29 billion) in the year to June 2026, with India ranking as New Zealand's ninth-largest export market for goods and services.
The deal will take effect once both countries complete their respective ratification processes.